The Heroic Code Essay - 503 Words

The Heroic Code Often, epic heroes can be characterized the same way. They are portrayed as superhuman beings, possessing strength, physical beauty, and intelligence. These heroes aspired to live by a heroic code that would ensure immortality by keeping their memory alive in the people. Homers The Iliad shows how the heroic code was ingrained in ancient Greek warriors. In many cases, the Greeks put this code of honor above their own lives. During a battle, Glaukos, a Trojan, and Diomedes, an Achaian, encounter one another in a space between the two armies. By chance Diomedes asks who his enemy is. The two men then realize that their fathers were friends. To keep the family friendship alive, the men share a handshake of†¦show more content†¦The warriors concern for each other shows the deep-rooted value of life instilled in all Greeks. Hektor, a Trojan prince, also leads his life by the heroic code that separates the epic hero from the ordinary. Although his royal status distinguishes him from the regular citizen, his honorable deeds are what make him a model Trojan. He possesses a lack of regard for his own life, but for good reason. Hektor would rather live a short heroic life, and keep his name in good standing for his wife and son, than be known as a coward. He knows that if he is killed, Andromache will be made a slave so he feels as if he must leave her with a good name. Hektor wants Andromache to offer gifts to Athena in hopes that she will protect him. This shows his belief in the supreme power of the gods and the course of fate. Paris is another Trojan prince that lives his life similar to Hektors. However, Paris seems to take the war lightly. On a visit, Hektor inspires Paris to join the ranks in the battles that are taking place because of him. He knows that thousands are dying for his cause, and feels that the responsible thing to do would be to participate. His sense of honor forces him to be a leader, so that his name is not soiled. Paris then rushes to put on his armor and follow Hektor to the battle. In the end, Paris feels it is his destiny to fight at his brothers side and leadShow MoreRelatedThe Heroic Code1182 Words   |  5 PagesIverson The Heroic Code The life of a warrior is not always filled with glamour and glory. Warriors cannot simply waltz through a tough battle, shedding blood left and right and taking all the glory and credit for themselves. There are often tough decisions to be made. Warriors also cannot just think of themselves, for their decisions often affect the lives of others as well. They need the heroic code to guide them in their decision making. In this essay, I will describe the heroic code and shareRead MoreThe Heroic Code Of Sir Gawain841 Words   |  4 Pageshis journey that forced him to stay true to his Heroic Code. The principles that Sir Gawain demonstrated in the pursuit of the Green Knight are respecting women, service to the king with bravery, honor, and faith, and staying committed to his religious practices. Sir Gawain kept these guidelines true to his heart throughout his expedition to defeat the Green Knight and to defend the honor of King Arthur’s round table. A major example of the heroic code that Sir Gawain demonstrated is honoring KingRead MoreThe Heroic Code Of Honor For A Hero1228 Words   |  5 PagesWarriors of ancient Greece were considered heroes by following the Heroic Code of excellence. They achieved this by acquiring a kleos; establishing fame, glory and a positive reputation. It was not an easy task to become a Grecian hero. Building and maintaining kleos meant that a warrior must be brave and strong, be â€Å"a speaker of words and a doer of deeds.† The solider had to protect his friends and harm his enemies, respect the gods and his elders, and most of all value his honor over his life.Read MoreThe Heroic Code Of The Epic Of Beowulf Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesAs we have learned, one of the most important features of the heroic code common among ancient epics is the preservation of the hero’s legacy. In Beowulf, a very large portion of the story narrates Beowulf’s accumulation of wealth, power, an d most importantly fame through martial prowess and peerless leadership. This accumulation of glory in battle is crucial if the hero wishes to ensure that his name and legacy live on after he dies. This abruptly brings me to my main focus: Wiglaf. I believe Wiglaf’sRead MoreThe True Hero : Exploring Heroic Code1308 Words   |  6 Pages The True Hero: Exploring Heroic Code in Germanic Society In the great epic Beowulf, the reader is able to delve into the Anglo-Saxon world and grow familiar with the heroic code. As a story passed from mouth to mouth as generations came and went, Beowulf still stands as one of the greatest heroic epics. The story teaches the reader a great deal about the time when it was written. In a world so heavily influenced by the perfect hero, the Anglo-Saxon people were able to look onto Beowulf as a sourceRead MoreThe Heroic Code Of Homer s Iliad1208 Words   |  5 Pages Homer’s Iliad depicts a tale of war that focuses on various human-centered themes that focus on describing the kind of people that ought to strive to become. This is characterized by the heroic code, which is the ultimate desire of each hero in the epic poem. The heroic code, according to Homer, focuses on the simple premise of a hero achieving honor, which is also understood to be peer-received esteem. Homer depicts this important value as what most humans would seek to a chieve, because this importantRead MoreEssay about Heroic Code in the Iliad and the Odyssey979 Words   |  4 PagesHeroic Code in the Iliad and the Odyssey In Websters Dictionary, a hero is defined as a person noted for courageous acts or nobility of purpose, especially if this individual has risked or sacrificed his life. In the Iliad and the Odyssey, the code which administers the conduct of the Homeric heroes is a straightforward idea. The aim of every hero is to achieve honor. Throughout the Iliad and the Odyssey, different characters take on the role of a hero. Honor is essential to the HomericRead MoreBeowulf And The Germanic Heroic Code Of Values, Traditions, And Customs1522 Words   |  7 Pagesand the Germanic Heroic Code in Beowulf are revealed throughout the epic poem as important aspects of the Anglo-Saxon culture as a whole. The Germanic warrior society had an unspoken code – a list of rules that warriors and kings alike must uphold. The main aspects of this code for warriors were strength, courage, loyalty and honour; and for kings were loyalty to his warriors, generosity and a sense of responsibility. The character of Beowulf represents both sides of this Code very well. HrothgarRead MoreThe Germanic Heroic Code in Caedmons Hymn, The Dream of the Rood, and Beowulf539 Words   |  2 Pages Texts such as Caedmons Hymn, The Dream of the Rood and Beowulf have been inspired from the Germanic code of the warrior and from Christian passages and it is likely for people today to relate to these two sources when coming across these respective texts today. The Germanic heroic code has been a major influence when considering Beowulf and the fact that the poem emphasizes the importance of values like courage, loyalty, generosity. Similarly, Caedmons Hymn is probably one of the mostRead MoreThe Iliad: Literary Analysis1552 Words   |  7 Pagesvalor. The heroic code was a strict morality that dealt with matters relating to honor and integrity in battle. Seeing as the code was focused around honor during war, it was taken very seriously by the Greeks of Homer’s time, since honor was essential to Homer’s heroes. One hero in The Iliad best represented the heroic code through his actions and his mentality; this character is â€Å"swift-footed† Achilles, though Hec tor could also be considered as the man that is the epitome of the heroic code. It could

Issues and Challenges for Women Entrepreneurs in India

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA S. BALASUBRAMANYAM* Abstract More than ever before, Change is the only constant in life, especially so in industry, and as a consequence, tremendous opportunities are opening up for women entrepreneurs. It is true that the presence of women entrepreneurs is very low in India, but you can look at it as another great opportunity riding on this all-pervasive change – and not as an obstacle toughening the entry barrier further for women in industry. Barely a decade ago, had few people anticipated that the proportion of women in call centres and IT industry would rise to be what it is today? Similarly, women as entrepreneurs can be a game changer and change the rules of the†¦show more content†¦There is an urgent need for changing the attitude towards women to bestow equal rights as enshrined in the constitution. The progress towards gender equality is slow and is partly due to the failure to attach money to policy commitments. In the words of former president Mr. APJ Abdul Kalam, empowering wom en is a prerequisite for creating a good nation, when women are empowered, society with stability is assured. Empowerment of women is essential as their thoughts and their value systems lead to the development of a good family, good society and ultimately a good nation. When a woman is empowered, it does not mean that another individual becomes powerless or is having less power. On the contrary, if a women is empowered her competencies towards decision- making will surely influence her familys performance. In advanced countries, there is a phenomenon of increase in the number of self- employed women after the world war second. In USA, women own 25% of all business, even though their sales on an average are less than two-fifths of those of other small business. In Canada, women own one-third of small business; and, in France, it is one-fifth. Concept of Entrepreneur The concept of entrepreneur can be well understood by Dr. APJ Kalam’s portrayal of entrepreneur mentioned below: 1. Vision and pioneering spirit. 2. Being able to see possibilities where others do not. 3. Always searching for new opportunitiesShow MoreRelatedEssay On Social Entrepreneurship Among Dalits And Tribes Of India1424 Words   |  6 PagesENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG DALITS AND TRIBES OF INDIA: CHALLENGES AND ACHIEVEMENTS RAJESH KUMAR. MD RESEARCH SCHOLAR, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD, TELANGANA STATE, INDIA . MAIL ID: mdrajeshk@gmail.com MOBILE. NO: +91 9154324766. Abstract Social entrepreneurship promotes the most innovative solutions to the most pressing social problems of a society. The mission behind origin of social enterprises is to bring social change. Social entrepreneurs are considered as the change agentsRead MoreUnilever in India- Hindustan Lever’s Project Shakti1628 Words   |  7 Pagescommoners who live in the beautiful land of India. Motivation As a profit organization, the ultimate goal of HLL is still to generate more profit to expanding shareholders’ interest and keep the company operating as a gonging-concern. So Project Shakti is in progress as a rural marketing strategy which is considered to be a quintessential win-win initiative that paying more attention to better-off all the stakeholders and the economy atmosphere of rural India. As the notions changing along with purchasingRead MoreIct Entrepreneurship For Social Impact Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pagesis in line with ITU’s work in unlocking the potential of ICTs for young innovators and entrepreneurs, innovative SMEs, start-ups and technology hubs as drivers of innovative and practical solutions for catalyzing progress in achieving international sustainable development goals, with a focus on SMEs from developing countries like Bangladesh. Body: The report is rooted in the stories of social entrepreneurs and how they are creating widespread impact across a wide range of fields, from educationRead MoreUnilever in India -Project Shakti1611 Words   |  7 PagesU 2011 Unilever in India: Hindustan Lever’s Project Shakti- Marketing FMCG to the Rural Consumer Riddhi Biswas PGP/14/236 Section E â€Æ' Q1. What are the key features of Shakti? What are its positive aspects and what are its drawbacks? Key features of Shakti: Axiomatic truly , ‘Rural caravan’ of HUL as it can be popularly called is Project Shakti. Untapped and unexplored for years Indian rural market remain unnoticed and undiscovered as par as the business opportunities, especiallyRead MoreEmerging Entrepreneur Trends2567 Words   |  11 PagesTIMSR, MUMBAI Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine key emerging trends in Entrepreneurs in India its reasons for growth and impact towards economy and society as a whole. Design /approach – The paper is primarily theoretical and observational. It is based on the review of major academic and managerial publications, it also include personal interview with few entrepreneurs. Findings – Entrepreneurship activity has gone through overhaul process through last two decadesRead MoreSocial Entrepreneurship : Growth And Challenges2024 Words   |  9 PagesGrowth and Challenges Khushbu Sakalle Student Stratford University Falls Church Campus â€Å"Entrepreneurship based on purposeful and systematic innovation. It includes not only the independent businessman but also company directors and managers who actually carry out innovative functions.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Schumpeter, (1939) INTRODUCTION â€Å"What is Social entrepreneurship? It is generally defined as -Entrepreneurship activity impacting directly impacting the social purpose.† The terms social entrepreneur and socialRead MoreWomen Entrepreneurs And Social Incubators1879 Words   |  8 PagesCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter literature on women entrepreneurs and social incubators is discussed. It also explains the conceptual framework and conceptual map of the study.. 2.1 Concept of Women Entrepreneur Women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operates a business enterprise is defined as Women Entrepreneurs’. The Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of theRead MoreWomen Entrepreneurs And Social Incubators Essay1851 Words   |  8 PagesIn this chapter literature on women entrepreneurs and social incubators is discussed. It also explains the conceptual framework and conceptual map of the study.. 2.1 Concept of Women Entrepreneur Women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operates a business enterprise is defined as Women Entrepreneurs’. The Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and giving at leastRead MoreUttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu: A Comparative Study in Micro-Finance1699 Words   |  7 PagesReview- Studies analyzing the Micro Financing in India- Micro finance has been a field which has attracted a lot of research work. A review of the major research works of economists and sociologists provide us with interesting insights on issues related to microfinance. Seibel and Parhusib (1990) in their study mentioned that expansion of credit coverage through state interventions approach was largely based on the premise that rural micro entrepreneur are unable to organize themselves. Thus they wouldRead MoreWomen Empowerment Through Entrepreneurship3066 Words   |  13 Pagessociety. They are the driving forces behind Indian economy. Entrepreneurs are people who come out with an new ideas , innovations , do things, which are not generally done in the ordinary course of a business. Empowerment of women entrepreneur is an new mantra for development of economy. The present paper focuses mainly women entrepreneur ,they still represent a minority of all entrepreneurs. It is observed that women entrepreneur networks are major sources of knowledge about women’s entrepreneurship

Harshad Mehta Scam Free Essays

string(95) " must recognize that as long as the scam lasted, the banks benefited from such an arrangement\." Harshad Mehta scam: Harshad Mehta  was an Indian stockbroker and is alleged to have engineered the rise in the BSE stock exchange in the year 1992. Exploiting several loopholes in the banking system, Harshad and his associates siphoned off funds from inter-bank transactions and bought shares heavily at a premium across many segments, triggering a rise in the Sensex. When the scheme was exposed, the banks started demanding the money back, causing the collapse. We will write a custom essay sample on Harshad Mehta Scam or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was later charged with 72 criminal offenses and more than 600 civil action suits were filed against him. He died in 2002 with many litigations still pending against him. 3. 1 Ready Forward Deal (RF): †¢ The crucial mechanism through which the scam was effected was the Ready Forward deal. †¢ The Ready Forward Deal (RF) is in essence a secured short term (typically 15 day) loan from one bank to another bank. The lending is done against Government Securities exactly the way a pawnbroker lends against jewelry. †¢ In fact one can say that the borrowing bank actually sells the securities to the lending bank and buys them back at the end of the period of the loan at (typically) a slightly higher price. It was this RF deal that Harshad Mehta and his associates used with great success to channel money from banking system. 3. 2 The Mechanics of the Scam: As explained above, a ready forward deal is, in substance, a secured loan from one bank to another. To make the scam possible , the RF had to undergo a complete change. In other words it practically had to become an unsecured loan to broker. This was wonderfully engineered by the brokers. To give a better understanding of the mechanism, the whole process has been segregated into 3 different parts. . The settlement process 2. Payment cheques 3. Dispensing the security 1. The settlement Process: ? The normal settlement process in government securities is that the transacting banks make payments and deliver the securities directly to each other. ? During the scam, however, the banks or at least some banks adopted an alternative settlement process which was similar to the process used for settling transactions in the stock market. ? In this settlement process, deliveries of securities and payments are made through the broker. That is, the seller hands over the securities to the broker who passes them on to the buyer, while the buyer gives the cheque to the broker who then makes the payment to the seller. ? In this settlement process, the buyer and the seller may not even know whom they have traded with, both being known only to the broker. ? There were two important reasons why the broker intermediated settlement began to be used in the government securities markets. ? The brokers instead of merely bringing buyers and sellers together started taking positions in the market. In other words, they started trading on their own account, and in a sense became market makers in some securities thereby imparting greater liquidity to the markets. ? When a bank wanted to conceal the fact that it was doing an RF deal, the broker came in handy. The broker provided contract notes for this purpose with fictitious counter parties, but arranged for the actual settlement to take place with the correct counter party. 2. Payment Cheques: ? A broker intermediated settlement allowed the broker to lay his hands on the cheque as it went from one bank to another through him. The hurdle now was to find a way of crediting the cheque to his account though it was drawn in favor of a bank and was crossed account payee. ? As it happens, it is purely a matter of banking custom that an account payee cheque is paid only to the payee mentioned on the cheque. In fact, exceptions were being made to this norm, well before the scam came to light. ? Privileged (corporate) customers were routinely allowed to credit account payee cheques in favour of a bank into their own accounts to avoid clearing delays, thereby reducing the interest lost on the amount. Normally, if a customer obtains a cheque in his own favour and deposits it into his own account, it may take a day or two for the cheque to be cleared and for the funds to become available to the customer. At 15% interest, the interest loss on a clearing delay of two days for a Rs. 100 crores cheque is about Rs. 8 lakhs. ? On the other hand, when banks make payments to each other by writing cheques on their account with the RBI, these cheques are cleared on the same day. ? The practice which thus emerged was that a customer would obtain a cheque drawn on the RBI favoring not himself but his bank. The bank would get the money and credit his account the same day. ? This was the practice which the brokers in the money market exploited to their benefit. 3. Dispensing the security: ? The brokers thus found a way of getting hold of the cheques as they went from one bank to another and crediting the amounts to their accounts. This effectively transformed an RF into a loan to a broker rather than to a bank. ? But this, by itself, would not have led to the scam because the RF after all is a secured loan, and a secured loan to a broker is still secured. What was necessary now was to find a way of eliminating the security itself! There are three routes adopted for this purpose: 1. Some banks (or rather their officials) were persuaded to part with cheques without actually receiving securities in return. A simple explanation of this is that the officials concerned were bribed and/or negligent. A more intriguing possibility is that the banks’ senior/top management were aware of this and turned a Nelson’s eye to it to benefit from higher returns the brokers could offer by diverting the funds to the stock market. One must recognize that as long as the scam lasted, the banks benefited from such an arrangement. You read "Harshad Mehta Scam" in category "Papers" The management of banks might have been sorely tempted to adopt this route to higher profitability. 2. The second route was to replace the actual securities by a worthless piece of paper – a fake Bank Receipt (BR). This is discussed in greater detail in the next section. 3. The third method was simply to forge the securities themselves. In many cases, PSU bonds were represented only by allotment letters rather than certificates on security paper. And it is easier to forge an allotment letter for Rs. 100 crores worth of securities than it is to forge a 100 rupee note! Outright forgery of this kind however accounted for only a very small part of the total funds misappropriated 3. Bank Receipt: ? In an RF deal, as we have discussed it so far, the borrowing bank delivers the actual securities to the lender and takes them back on repayment of the loan. In practice, however, this is not usually done. Instead, the borrower gives a Bank Receipt (BR) which serves three functions: ? The BR confirms the sale of securities. ? It acts as a receipt for the money received by the selling bank. Hence the name – bank receipt. ? It promises to deliver the securities to the buyer. It also states that in the meantime the seller holds the securities in trust for the buyer. ? In short, a BR is something like an IOU (I owe you securities! ), and the use of the BR de facto converts an RF deal into an unsecured loan. The lending bank no longer has the securities; it has only the borrower’s assurance that the borrower has the securities which can/will be delivered if/when the need arises. BRs issued without Backing of Securities: ? As stated earlier, a BR is supposed to imply that the issuer actually has the securities and holds them in trust for the buyer. But in reality the issuer may not have the securities at all. ? There are two reasons why a bank may issue a BR, which is not backed by actual securities: 1. A bank may short sell securities, that is, it sells securities it does not have. This would be done if the bank thinks that the prices of these securities would decrease. Since this would be an outright sale (not an RF! ), the bank issues a BR. When the securities do fall in value, the bank buys them at lower prices and discharges the BR by delivering the securities sold. Short selling in some form is an integral part of most bond markets in the world. It can be argued that some amount of shortselling subject to some degree of regulation is a desirable feature of a bond market. In our opinion, an outright sale using a BR, which is not backed by securities, is not harmful per se though it violates the RBI guidelines. 2. The second reason is that the bank may simply want an unsecured loan. It may then do an RF deal issuing a â€Å"fake† BR which is a BR without any securities to back them. The lending bank would be under a mistaken impression that it is making a secured loan when it is actually advancing an unsecured loan. Obviously, lenders should have taken measures to protect themselves from such a possibility During the scam, the brokers perfected the art of using fake BRs to obtain unsecured loans from the banking system. They persuaded some small and little known banks – the Bank of Karad (BOK) and the Metropolitan Cooperative Bank (MCB) – to issue BRs as and when required. These BRs could then be used to do RF deals with other banks. The cheques in favour of BOK were, of course, credited into the brokers’ accounts. In effect, several arge banks made huge unsecured loans to the BOK/MCB which in turn made the money available to the brokers. 4. Breakdown of the Control system in scam: ? The scam was made possible by a complete breakdown of the control system both within the commercial banks as well as the control system of the RBI itself. ? We shall examine these control systems to understand how these failed to function effectively and what lessons can be learnt to prevent fai lure of control systems in the future. ? The internal control system of the commercial banks involves the following features: 1. Separation of Functions: The different aspects of securities transactions of a bank, namely dealing, custody and accounting are carried out by different persons. 2. Counterparty Limits: The moment an RF deal is done on the basis of a BR rather than actual securities, the lending bank has to contend with the possibility that the BR received may not be backed by any/adequate securities. In effect, therefore, it may be making an unsecured loan, and it must do the RF only if it is prepared to make an unsecured loan. This requires assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower and assigning him a â€Å"credit limit† up to which the bank is prepared to lend. Technically, this is known as a counterparty limit. 5. Other Aspects of the scam: ? There are several aspects of the scam which are closely related to the securities markets, but which are different from the operational aspect of the markets. ? These pertain to information that can cause significant changes in the prices of securities as well as the information supplied by the commercial banks on their financial performance. ? On each occasion the coupon rate was increased by 1/2%, thereby raising the coupon rate from 11. 5% to 13% during this ten month period. The major implication of raising interest rate on new borrowings is that it would trigger a fall in the market prices of the old loans which are pegged at the old (lower) interest rates. The price of the 11. 5% Government Loan 2010 dropped by 3% to 5% with each coupon rate hike. If anyone has advance information about these changes in the coupon rates, he could make enormous amounts of riskless profit by short selling the old securities just before the announcement of rate hike and buying back (covering his position) after the prices have fallen. ? Somebody who took a short position of Rs. 00 crores before the coupon hike of September 1991 could have made a profit of Rs. 15 crores, practically overnight! Since several persons in the Finance Ministry and the RBI are likely to be aware of the impending hike in the coupon rate, the chance of leakage of this all important information is always there. ? There have been several allegations in this regard. However, it will probably be very difficult to prove with any degree of certainty that there was insider trading based on information about coupon rate changes, because of the size of the market. With a daily trading volume of Rs. 3000 – 4000 crores, it would have been very easy for anyone to take a position (based on inside information) of Rs. 500 or even Rs. 1000 crores without anyone suspecting anything untoward. 6. Impact of the scam: ? The immediate impact of the scam was a sharp fall in the share prices. The index fell from 4500 to 2500 representing a loss of Rs. 100,000 crores in market capitalization. [pic] ? Since the accused were active brokers in the stock markets, the number of shares which had passed through their hands in the last one year was colossal. All these shares became â€Å"tainted† shares, and overnight they became worthless pieces of paper as they could not be delivered in the market. Genuine investors who had bought these shares well before the scam came to light and even got them registered in their names found themselves being robbed by the government. This resulted in a chaotic situation in the market since no one was certain as to which shares were tainted and which were not. ? The government’s liberalization policies came under severe criticism after the scam, with Harshad Mehta and others being described as the products of these policies. Bowing to the political pressures and the bad press it received during the scam, the liberalization policies were put on hold for a while by the government. The Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) postponed sanctioning of private sector mutual funds. ? The much talked about entry of foreign pension funds and mutual funds became more remote than ever. The Euro-i ssues planned by several Indian companies were delayed since the ability of Indian companies to raise equity capital in world markets was severely compromised. How to cite Harshad Mehta Scam, Papers

Cultural Analysis of Russia

Question: Discuss about theCultural Analysis of Russia. Answer: Introduction National culture of a country tells about the environment, culture, language, behaviour and patterns of the market etc. this report is basically describing the market culture of Russia compared to Singapore in terms of Personal Communication, Values and Attitudes, social structure and the education. Along with this, there will be the comparison with the Singapore including business style, manager managing style and negotiation ways. Culture can be described as the various range of the obtained or learnt behaviour by the human being of the country. There are unique and different behaviours in the human society. So, a society can be easily differentiated by observing the different culture. The culture includes beliefs, norms, morals, knowledge, ethics, customs, law and many other factors. This report will focus on the cultural differences between the Singapore and Russia. Country Description Russia is the largest country in the world. The country has rich culture and distinguished itself in terms of vast history and geography. The organizations who wish to develop the successful business with the penetration strategy, the Russian market is suitable for them. For the organization, it is very important to understand the Russian social and business culture. Russia has made the valuable contribution to the work culture (Guseva, 2013). This country has given not only great classics but also fine arts to the world. Along with this, Russia is one of the top emerging markets in the world. It is also considered as the most difficult place to do business. From the business operations to cultural trends, Russia is the country of evolution. The transition of the Russia has challenging and ongoing culture. The Russian approach is different from the western approach in terms of identifying, managing and solving the problems (RUSEMB, 2016). Key Attributes of the Country Before starting the business in the Russia, it is very important to understand culture and background of the country. The key factors of the country are as follows: Collectivism: Because of its history, there is a strong societal skills and that is reflected in the business practices of Russia. Russia has diverse climate conditions which is very helpful in cooperation and collaboration. The climate condition of Russia is very helpful to gain competitive advantage and also has been important for the survival. There is the sense of togetherness in the Russian culture. Togetherness is the important traits that differentiate the Russian Culture from Western culture. In the organization, people work together in the organized and self-managed group of people (GASME, 2016). Equality: This is an important concept of the Russian business that people get equal treatment and that supports the inequality and promotes the equal benefits to the employees. In the Russian market and the Russian business, the equality is very important strategy to gain the mutual advantage. Russia believes in the co-equal (Burgess Sharar, 2014). Resources: Russia is the vast and diversified nation. There are largest resourcesof raw material, oil and gas revenues that are helpful to increase the economy of Russia. In the big cities of the country, there is a consumer economy and because of this, the financial position of the country is raising and investors have trust on Russias economic scenario (Bergelson, 2013). Cultural Analysis The culture of Russia has a long history. Russia has a long tradition of arts in terms of philosophy, literature, music, architecture, animation and it has the power to influence the world. The country also has the combination of mixed material culture and traditional culture in technology. Now a day, the culture of the Russia got seventh rank in terms of heritage in the National Brands Index. Along with this, the culture of Russia is also involved in modern organization and international tourism (Maclachlan, 2010). The analysis of Russian culture is given below: Aesthetics The Russian market of Aesthetics is very difficult to measure. The reason is that there is lack of official bodies that regulate the market. But according to a report by Research and Market, the market of Russian Aesthetics is booming and also going from strength to strength. According to the research, The Russia is growing compared to many European countries. In terms of medicine market, Russia was ranked 14th in the world aesthetics medicine market. Personal Communication The communication style in Russia is influenced by the English language. Many young entrepreneurs use English language while other uses European language. With the different cultures, business managers use written method rather than speaking the words. By this, the businessmen build the relationship with their partners. In Russia, people listen silently and use little obvious body language. This is the cultural characteristics of Russian people. Russian wait and think before responding at any point (Aleksanteri news, 2015). Education Russia has one of the best education systems in the world. The percentage of literacy in Russia is 98% that is the higher percentage compared to western European Countries. In the education system of Russia, there are both basic education and higher education and in Russia, the education is compulsory for every child between the ages of 6 and 15. Values and Attitude The attitude of Russian People to life is driven by the climate, culture and the size of the country. Russians have preference towards the judgement attitudes. Russians are always ready to raise their voice on any matter, and they expect everyone to be morally judged. Many Russians have the attitude of having no control over the world. Along with this, Russian always thinks and behaves logically (MasterRussian, 2015). Manners and Customs There are still many customs and rituals celebrated in the Russia. The people in Russia still celebrate the pagan holidays and there are many people who believe in legends. Old traditions in Russia are passed on from generation to generation. Social Structure The social structure of Russia is different in terms of human rights of its people. The country is far from the particular laws. The country makes policies for human rights. The reason of this is that the society of Russia never lived in democratic command (Laruelle, 2015). Figure 1: Social Structure of Russia (Source: Laruelle, 2015) The social structure of Russia is given in the figure. This is the standard of living in Russia. The standard of living is higher but is different in every region. The employees who are in financial sector, they get the highest salary in Russia. Apart from this, there is one more thing i.e. the people of Russia consider themselves strangers in interacting with others having same nationality. Comparing with Singapore Before comparing both of the countries, it is important to understand the market culture of Singapore. Singapore is the multiethnic country having the mixture of Chinese, Indian, and Eurasian societies. Singapore is the suitable place for the businessmen for doing business. There is the business culture for all the religions. But there are many rules, policies and protocols that are compulsory to follow by the businessmen (Wood, Miller Gold, 2010). The difference between Singapore and Russia in terms of business culture is as follows: Managers Managing Style In the most corporate of Singapore, managers try to stick and follow the proper management policies. Majority of the companies have top-down management style in Singapore that brings innovation and creativity in the business (Mun Ying, 2009). On the other hand, as stated above, managers in the company are centralized and directives. Company uses hierarchy of management i.e. senior manager, middle manager and lower manager. Business Style In Singapore, business style is very straight forward and very formal as compared to other western countries. There are very strict rules and protocols to operate the business. The people of Singapore are very sensitive but they control their behaviour in public. The business culture in Singapore is competitive and has strong work ethics. On the other hand, in Russia, business cards are important for ding the business. There are many principles that are concerned for informal environment but still there are totally formal environment in business style of Russia (Stewart, Sprinthall, and Kem, 2002). Negotiation Ways In Singapore, companies use negotiation style in the formal way. They value the business relationship rather than short term gains they do not confronts anyone in the negotiating time. Along with this, they avoid the conflicts (Zarkada-Fraser and Fraser, 2001). On the other hand, Russian only negotiates when they consider that another party is serious in negotiation. They show patient in negotiation and see the negotiation as win-lose. During the negotiation, Russian confronts another party (Shikhirev, 2000). Hofstedes Study of Culture Hofstede had developed the dimensions to measure the culture of a nation. There are five dimensions developed by Hofstede of national culture. By the dimension, Hofstede became able to identify how the patter of culture of behaviour solve a problem how the behaviour of the country can be compared with other cultures. Figure 2: Hofstede Cultural Analysis (Source: Puffer Naumov, 2000) Power Distance This dimension shows the attitude of the culture towards the distribution of power. It believes that the distribution of power should not be equal. Russia is the highest power distance country in the world and it has scored 93% in terms of power holding. Individualism This dimension focuses on the degree of interdependence a society maintained by the members. In this dimension, Russia has scored lower. It has scored 39% because of diverse relationship in the country (Puffer Naumov, 2000). Masculinity This dimension indicates that the society is dependent upon the competition, achievements, and success. Russia has scored 36% because of having status symbol. There is the fact that Russians at workplace as well as when meeting a stranger rather understate their personal achievements, contributions or capacities. Uncertainty Avoidance This dimension focuses on the fact that future can never be known. Scoring 95 Russians feel very much threatened by ambiguous situations, as well as they have established one of the most complex bureaucracies in the world. Long Term Orientation This dimension discuss about how the society maintains the past and deals with challenges for present and future. With a very high score of 81, Russia is definitely a country with a practical and realistic mindset. The Russians show the capability to adapt the traditions and to change the conditions. Conclusion The report has been described about the Russian and culture and the market environment of the country. From the above discussion, it has been analyzed that various range of the obtained or learnt behaviour by the human being of the country. There are unique and different behaviours in the human society. Russia is the largest country in the world. The country has rich culture and distinguished itself in terms of vast history and geography. For the organization, it is very important to understand the Russian social and business culture. From the business operations to cultural trends, Russia is the country of evolution. The transition of the Russia has challenging and ongoing culture. Focusing on key attributes of Russia, it has been observed that Russia has diverse climate conditions which are very helpful in cooperation and collaboration. The climate condition of Russia is very helpful to gain competitive advantage and also has been important for the survival. Comparing with Singapor e, it has been analyzed that both the countries have little similarities but in negotiation style, negotiates when they consider that another party is serious in negotiation. But it is easy to do in business in Russia compared to Singapore because but there are many rules, policies and protocols in Singapore that are compulsory to follow by the businessmen. References Aleksanteri news. (2015). culture and Russian society. Retrieved on 21st November 2016 from https://www.helsinki.fi/aleksanteri/english/news/newsletters/AN_15_3-4.pdf Bergelson, M. B. (2013). Russian cultural values and workplace communication styles. Retrieved on 21st November 2016 from https://russcomm.ru/eng/rca_biblio/b/bergelson03_eng.shtml Burgess,M. K., Sharar, D. A. (2014). Doing Business in Russia: The Importance of Employee Preparation and Support. Retrieved on 21st November 2016 from https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/global-hr/pages/russia-employee-preparation-support.aspx GASME, (2016). Russian Social and Business Culture. . Retrieved on 21st November 2016 from https://www.globalsmes.org/news/index.php?func=detaildetailid=541catalog=26lan=en Guseva, N. (2013). doing business in russia. Retrieved on 21st November 2016 from https://russland.ahk.de/fileadmin/ahk_russland/Dokumente/Berufsbildung/Programme_Doing_Business_in_Russia_HSE_DAAD_2013_0209.pdf Kuznetsov, A., Kuznetsova, O., (2005). Business Culture in Modern Russia: Deterrents and Influences. Retrieved on 21st November 2016 from https://businessperspectives.org/journals_free/ppm/2005/PPM_EN_2005_02_Kuznetsov.pdf Laruelle, M. (2015). The Russian World: Russias Soft Power and Geopolitical Imagination. . Retrieved on 21st November 2016 from https://globalinterests.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/FINAL-CGI_Russian-World_Marlene-Laruelle.pdf Maclachlan, M. (2010). challenges of doing business in Russia. Retrieved on 21st November 2016 from https://www.communicaid.com/cross-cultural-training/blog/challenges-of-doing-business-in-russia/ MasterRussian. (2015). Russian Culture. Retrieved on 21st November 2016 from https://masterrussian.com/russianculture/Russian_Culture.htm Mun, C. W. Ying, S. H. (2009). Singapore and Asia in a Globalized World. Singapore: World Scientific. Puffer, S., Naumov, A., (2000). Measuring Russian Culture using Hofstedes Dimensions. 45(4). 709718 RUSEMB. (2016). Russian culture. Retrieved on 21st November 2016 from https://www.rusemb.org.uk/russiaculture/ Shikhirev, P. (2000). Introduction to Russian Business Culture. Moscow: Novosti. Stewart, D.W., Sprinthall, N.A. and Kem, J.D. (2002). Moral reasoning in the context of reform: A study of Russian officials. Public Administration Review 62, 3, 282-298. Wood, J. Miller, J. Gold, B. A. (2010). Living in Singapore. Eleventh Edition Reference Guide. Singapore: American Association of Singapore Zarkada-Fraser, A., and C. Fraser. (2001). Moral decision making in international sales negotiations. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing 16.4, 274-292.

Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Essay Example

Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Paper Enterprise architecture is important because organizations need to adapt increasingly fast to increased competition, changing customer requirements, and business goals. Since MEG international was showing signs of reduction in sales and threatening market position by foreign competition were perfect examples that MEG was not adapting to reapply canalling environments I Nils need Tort Patton NAS Incidence over ten entire business processes; change in one business process may influence other business process. To keep enterprise architecture coherent, change should be managed accordingly in all architectures, and the relations between different architecture just be clear so it is vital for MEG to implement enterprise architecture as a strategy to be able to gain competitive advantage. Main difficulty in adopting enterprise architecture as strategy is to match business architectural alignment and IT alignment because of the differences in architectural modeling methods. Business analysts build complex business process models; similarly IT architects can design complex applications. These two groups of people may be best at what they do but they lack common language to understand each others design. Mona Lisa although being Information Systems consultant didnt have he leadership capacity or vision on how she is going to approach the issue of aligning these two processes, or what framework to use for the enterprise architecture and what IT strategy to choose to move forward towards the change process. We will write a custom essay sample on Enterprise Architecture as Strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Enterprise Architecture as Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Enterprise Architecture as Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Some of the well known examples of enterprise architecture frameworks that can help to build the strategies around enterprise architecture in MEG are: Coachmans framework for enterprise architecture (Coachman, 1987) (Figure 1): This framework is a logical structure for classifying the different perspectives involved in enterprise architecture in a two dimensional matrix that are significant to TTS stakeholders. The matrix consists of levels or player perspective (scope or planner, business model or business owner, system model or designer, technology or builder, detailed representations or subcontractor and Functioning Enterprise) and six columns or aspects (data, function, network, people, time, motivation). From the Business owner perspective data represents information about customers, products, suppliers and relationships between these entities (Session, 2007). On the other hand data from the perspective of technical person implementing the database is rows and columns in tables which are linked together by Joins (Session, 007). If we move left to right on the grid we see different system descriptions from one player view whereas if we move from top to bottom it changes the different player perspective of viewing the system descriptions. Both perspectives are therefore critical for understanding the systems architecture that Coachman tries to address in his architecture. There are some criticisms about this framework that it itself doesnt define the methodology of the framework and is a complex process and can be applicable for large organizations only. This framework mainly acts as a template where goals, ales, processes, materials, roles, locations and events that organizations require must be filled in. Session (2007) argues that the Coachman Framework is actually taxonomy for organizing architectural artifacts (I. E. Design documents, specifications, models) Tanat takes Into account Don won ten retract targets (e. G. Dustless owner, builder) and what particular issue (e. G. , data, functionality) is being addressed. The Open Group Architecture Framework (known as TOGA) (Figure 2): This framework mainly has four components such as: business architecture, application architecture, data architecture and technical architecture. Business architecture explains how business processes are aligned to meet the organizational goals. Application architecture describes how the applications are designed and explains the relationship between industry wide applications. Similarly Data architecture explains how the enterprise data are stored and accessed and finally technical architecture is responsible for explaining the interactions between software and hardware infrastructure. It mainly relies on already existing, proven technologies and products and tries to give a well-tested overall starting model which can be further extended. Although TOGA describes itself as framework, Session (2007) categorized TOGA as architectural process rather than an architectural framework. Session (2007) further extends Coachman explains how to categories the artifacts and TOGA gives the process to create them. So for an organization like MEG international Togas Architecture Development Method (ADAM) (Figure 3) provides a strategic process for moving from generic to specific enterprise architecture. Therefore taxonomy like Coachman and an architectural process like TOGA seem very much appropriate for MEG to adapt Enterprise Architecture as strategy. . 2 Re-engineering Re-engineering could also be interpreted as reverse engineering or radical redesign of a business process which disregards all the traditions and assumptions of the past business processes or procedures and develops new one aiming to leap forward in performance and this seems essential for MEG International. Reengineering process involves in identifying the characteristics of an already engineered product or services and the processes involved in developing those, then redesigning all the processes from the scratch to improve current productivity or customer satisfaction. Hammer Champs (1993) describe business re-engineering as the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of an entire business system to achieve dramatic improvements in critical measures of performance. Reengineering is most often called business process reengineering which is aimed to accomplish tremendous changes within an organization and underpins all the possible outcomes to maintain a true competitive advantage among the competitors. Reengineering focuses on identifying and abandoning outdated rules and assumptions and creating new rules, work methods and workflow to achieve organizational goals aiming to increase productivity, product quality and customer satisfaction drastically. Harshly company need to lamben tly ten problems Ana want can De ten solutions to TAX them. If that cannot be fixed by some other means or change process then a basic re engineering model must be developed, then companys core processes should be redesigned and final stage is to adopt the new design. Re-engineering is not a simple task to accomplish, it requires fundamental rethink and radical redesign of business processes. For effectiveness it requires structured and analytic approach to generate aromatic improvements in cost reduction, quality improvements, customer satisfaction, speed etc. Pick] Reengineering (Hammers Champs, 2003, p. 2) Companies that are in deep competitive differences with their competitors, companies who have managers who can see problems arising like MEG and start on re-engineer the business before all their competitive advantage are wiped off. Hammer and Champs (1993)gs rhetorical question of reengineering is that If I were re-creating this company today, given what I know and the current level of technology, what would it look liker. Focus on fundamentals, radical redesign element, the potential for dramatic results and business process orientation must be addressed while answering the question. Fundamentals like what the organization does, why it is done that way, what are the tactical aspects, should be addressed while designing re-engineered process what should be. Superficial changes and quantum leap in performance is the must while re-engineering not only marginal enhancements and improvements. These changes should address current business process, plus implement improved and simplified processes that improve value to he customer. . Critical risks to re-engineer organization and successful change implementation Re-engineering the organization processes or business process reengineering (BPR) can produce drastic change and improvement in the organizational processes if implemented successfully. However if it is not implemented correctly it will not work as advertised and fail to meet the high expectations. Re cent surveys show that about 70% BPR fail and some organizations that have put massive effort in BPR are only able to gain marginal benefits (Davenport, 1993). These figures indicate that re- engineering has high risk but also organizations are ready to take the risk because the output when executed efficiently can be astounding. Some of the risk that could derail BPR process can be no support from senior managers, focusing on automating current processes before reengineering process is identified, making technology alone dependent on change process and not identifying the limitation of the current Information technology infrastructure. Other directly impacting difficulties that BPR can face involves employee resistance to change, not addressing employee concerns, Alsatian AT strategy goals, lack AT learning overslept Ana commitment. Including all these risks main critical factor is that organization must be truly committed to change in the re-engineering process with full support of senior level management. At Meg international even though Latino thought that everyone would be excited by the prospects of organizational change, only few expressed any enthusiasm for understanding general management. Most of the divisional heads were not clear on what re-engineering process is and were misinterpreting the concept in their own words which created an anxiety among most of the employees which resulted in loss of number of good technical staff. These were clear signs that most of the divisional heads were not ready to help in the re-engineering process that was very bad sign for Mona Lisa to start with. Since the BPR is a high risk process and involves high level of tasks to achieve, it can never be one man Job; it stresses the use of team throughout the process. Lisa however didnt show any initiative in having a team; as a result her rigorous efforts were wasted and ultimately lead to her resignation. If I was in her position then my first priority of this project loud be to create team of experts from different parts of organization to understand the business processes and technical infrastructure, and hire few members in the team from outside who have better understanding of re-engineering process who will be responsible for explaining the management team what re-engineering actually is and what we are planning to achieve. It is unlikely that an organization can ignore the existing infrastructure and implement a process from scratch. It is more realistic to acknowledge the resources available and any real constraints and develop fundamental understanding of their implications on the process redesign (Davenport, 1993). After the process is redesigned, available Information Technology should be used to facilitate the implementation of new process that rules out the possibility of technology to be the limited factor. While process re-engineering is not a technology endeavourer, IT is recognized as having a critical role to play in re- engineering efforts, primarily as an enabler of new operational and management processes (Davenport and Short 1990; Hammer and Champs 1993; Davenport 1993). However, IT in itself cannot be held responsible for the ultimate success or allure of the business strategy. When skillfully applied, IT can provide support for the intermediate processes that taken together comprise the execution of an organizations strategy. Since organizations culture is an important aspect and cannot be ignored in the change process, the framework that I will be using during re-engineering process is Muckinesss seven S diagram (Figure 4) because it encapsulates the key components of an organization and has Shared Values (or Culture) at its centre. 2. 1 Systems:- These are the processes, methods, procedures, rules, techniques, technology, manuals, etc. Hat ensures that work is undertaken efficiently and accurately. These are the essential part of an organization to guide the management and staff. Therefore key to BPR process is to understand current systems and redesign them, often as Davenport (1993) highlights, new processes are enabled by new technology wanly ultimately engages employees to learn new techniques. 2. 2 Structures:- After the key processes are redefined, the next step would be to restructure the organization to match along these processes. The new form of organizational structure that aims to break the traditional types of structure, particularly eructation and divisional structures is required. Hammer Champs (2003) recommend a move to much flatter structures organized around the processes, whereas Davenport (1993) recommends a multidimensional matrix structure, with process responsibility as a key dimension (p 160). To achieve this, Johansson et al (1993) states: the new organization must accommodate a balance between functional expertise and process involvement and goes on to say it is essential to remove functional barriers (IPPP). 2. Staff:- As per Henley (1991) Staff is the quality and quantity of people employed and anger has the role of motivation, reward systems, the structure of Jobs and team work (pap). Davenport (1993) expresses gain-sharing (Pl 10), lateral promotion, upgrade from role title to process title (Pl 1 1), and interesting and challenging through work role rotation, he believes encourages employees to redesign the processes to eliminate their own Job. In contrast to Davenports expression BPR to some extent will be involved in down-sizing and right-siz ing the workforce. 2. Skills:- Henley (1991) defines skills as The competences the organization needs in its people in order to perform difficult tasks to a high standard (pap). The BPR redefines the roles that should enhance and provide space for skills development where Hammer Champs (1993) add New World of Work where Jobs change from simple tasks to multi-dimensional work. This means Job preparation changes from training to education, from rule following to exercising Judgment and managers change from supervisors to coaches and executives change from scorekeepers to leaders(p 169). . 5 Strategy:- The main task in BPR is to discover the organizations strategy and of what rives competitive advantage in a particular industry; the industrys value chain and the basis for competition, and how a particular company seeks to gain competitive edge Monsoon et al 1993, pap). BPR decisions and strategic decisions involving new processes new structure and new staff mindset is extremely diffic ult to achieve but managers should be trained to articulate their Process vision driven by Business Strategy Davenport (1993, Pl 27). By style Henley (1991) means the philosophy, values and shared beliefs adopted by managers in their use of power (pap). BPR should be able to change the way hinge are done in the organization and behavioral changes. Process innovation involves massive change, not only in process flows and the culture surrounding them, but also in organizational power and controls (Davenport, 1993, Pl 3). 2. 7 Shared Values:- Andrews Stick (1994) state that in successful reengineering business operations, individual belief systems become aligned with the stated beliefs of the organization (Pl 15). Reengineering will definitely have a big impact on the cultural aspect of an organization under new processes, structure, staff role, management tragedy and style but re-engineering demands that employees deeply believe they work for their customers, not for their bosses(Hammer Champs, 1993, pap). BPR should establish new process teams linked by common values where employees must believe in self empowerment, self management and rewards based on skills must be used. Following this structure would provide me path to develop perfect strategy that would enable me to lead my team to successful re-engineering process at MEG international that would significantly improve the performance of the business processes. 3. Justification for Change in an Organization Change is inevitable in an organization, the organizations unable to keep up with the change; cannot match up with the fast changing market and their survival will be in question. There are many things, events, or situations that occur in an organization or its external environment that affect the way a business operates, either that can be positive or negative. To cope with these occurrences, situations or events; every organization has to fundamentally alter the way they do business. Thus we can say the statement Change is an ever-present feature of organizational life, both at an operational and strategic level. Therefore, there should be no doubt regarding the importance to any organization of its ability to identify where it needs to be in the future, and how to manage the changes required getting there. Consequently, organizational change cannot be separated from organizational strategy, or vice versa is very true. There are mainly four reasons that organizations need to changes that can be market changes, increased competition, external forces, and internal forces. 3. 1 Market changes The international demand for quality products, low prices, better service and increased level of client satisfaction are the key for the organizations change the way they do business in current global economy. To match these ever changing needs companies are Trace to Tort collaborative arrangements, cooperative ventures Ana even alliances. Social and political pressures have always been there for the organizations. Employee values, needs, priorities and their motivations are always influenced by the political and social events. To match up with their needs its essential for managers to adjust their management styles and arrange comfortable environment for employees. . 2 Increased competition In past where there were technology was not advance enough and there was less global competition with slower moving business environment where change occurred incrementally and infrequently. But now challenges organizations face is different, globalization has created both opportunities and challenges forcing firms to make drastic changes not only to compete but to survive in the market. Globalization is basically driven by technological advances, international economic integration and domestic market maturation (cotter 1996). Even companies operating in small entries can feel the impact of global competition. 3. 3 External forces External driving forces are those kinds of situations or events that occur outside of the company and they are beyond the control of an organization. External forces can be expressed under these sub-classifications: Demographic Characteristics: The change in population and their density come under this classification that can trigger organizational changes. This mainly includes changes in age, gender, race, and increase in diversity. Technological developments: In current business environment technology plays vital role in any organization. The Internet has revolutionized the way in which information is exchanged, communication facilitated and commerce conducted. Technology is rapidly changing and effective management demands more knowledge in these areas in order for companies to manage their resources and develop, maintain or keep their competitive edge. It is essential for organizations to adapt technology to improve productivity and market competitiveness. Since technology is fastest changing entity, any business missing to follow the technological changes might loose their competitiveness or wiped off completely from the market. . 4 Internal Forces Internal driving forces are those kinds of situations or events that occur inside the company and they controlled if there is proper initiative taken. Internal forces can be expressed near tense sun Human resource factors: -classification: People change more frequently and they bring in their changed perceptions in the organizations. Their perceptions about the work and work environment, their expectations from their managers and colleagues, flexibility and balance between work and their life etc could act as important factor for organizational change. To increase employee motivation, and improve their commitment and dedication towards work, their stresses, sources of conflict, work overload, and ambiguity need to be identified and eliminated. Managerial behavior/decisions: Excessive interpersonal conflict is often a clear sign that change is needed. Due to the important role of the manager in introducing and managing change in the organization, skills training and capacity building programmer for both manager and employee might be necessary. It is suggested that a better strategic approach to change is where organizations and heir people continually monitor, sense and respond to external and internal environment in small steps as an ongoing process (Burners, 2004). Early model of change was developed by Lenin (cited in Burners 2004, p. 985) consisting of three- stage process. First stage is unfreezing which is mainly aimed at overcoming or dismantling the existing mind set that are resisting change. Secondly the change implementation which can be of lot of confusions where old ways are challenged and new ideas have not been fully stable. Final stage he called is refreezing stabilizing hang within organizational culture, norms, policies and practices in order to ensure the new behavior is sustained in individuals.

The Theme of Humanity in the Poem Hawk Roosting Essays

The Theme of Humanity in the Poem Hawk Roosting Essays The Theme of Humanity in the Poem Hawk Roosting Paper The Theme of Humanity in the Poem Hawk Roosting Paper Essay Topic: Literature Hawk Roosting is one of Ted Hughes many poems which describes nature and animal savagery. In this particular work, Hughes details the characteristics of a regal hawk, ruling over its domain. Although it may seem to be a simple descriptive piece, Hawk Roosting actually maintains a duality throughout each verse. Not only is it a vivid description of a living being, the poem is Ted Hughes critique on humanity. Beneath its surface is a stark reminder of how our weaknesses are degrading us into common animals. The first verse paints a scene of a hawk resting on the treetops: I sit in the top of the wood, my eyes closed Inaction, no falsifying dream Between my hooked head and hooked feet: Or in sleep rehearse perfect kills and eat. Straight away the poem asserts the dominance of the bird. The words Top of the wood suggests the hawk is a predator, high up in the food chain. It is also an animal that lives for hunting as every day it will rehearse perfect kills and eat in its dreams. Similarities can be drawn which shows that we are just like the hawk. Humans dominate the world and we constantly invent new ways of simplifying our lives. At the most basic level, we kill and eat like all animals do. The writer uses this verse to establish the hawk as a symbol of all humanity. Therefore, when he further illustrates the hawk later on, he is actually pointing out our habits and tendencies. The allegory of the hawk symbolizing humanity continues into the second and third verses: The airs buoyancy and the suns ray Are of advantage to me; And the earths face upward for my inspection. It took the whole of Creation To produce my foot, my each feather: Now I hold Creation in my foot. These verses further develop the idea that the hawk is a supreme creature. It looks down on its realm and controls all the animals. Therefore, it is able to hold Creation in my foot. On the other hand, as the hawk actually represents us, the writer is also commenting on mankind. The airs buoyancy and the suns ray correspond to natural resources and how they are of advantage to us. Instead of letting the course of nature take over our lives, we control the Earth as it face upward for our inspection. The phrase It took the whole of Creation suggests that humans see themselves as the ultimate species. Overall these two verses emphasize the fact that we are the rulers of the Earth. The world is metaphorically our oyster, a small thing that is easily held in our grasp. As the poem progresses into the fourth verse, the hawk awakes from its stillness and takes flight: Or fly up, and revolve it all slowly I kill where I please because it is all mine. There is no sophistry in my body: My manners are tearing off heads - Firstly the writer projects an image of the hawk flying above with a birds-eye view as the world revolves. Interestingly, it is the hawk that is doing the revolving. All of its dominion merely orbit around it. The hawk also owns its territory so it can kill where I please. These first two lines is a link to the last verse which further underlines the hawks supremacy. Similarly, we exploit the Earth because we believe it belongs to us. Although we consider ourselves a civilised race, the writer points out that some of our methods are far from graceful. In fact, he describes our way of living as tearing off heads. For example, we factory-farm animals for profit and we invade other countries to quench our thirst for fuel. As we become the masters of our planet, we grow insensitive to the fact that our greed is causing us to regress back to savages. The poem turns even more chilling as it enters the fifth verse: The allotment of death. For the one path of my flight is direct Through the bones of the living. Here the hawk is a metaphorical grim reaper. Its job is the allotment of death. From this verse we also perceive an image of the hawk swooping down on its prey as it flies through the bones of the living. The writer describes this as the one path of my flight that is direct. He is implying that the only constant element in a hawks life is to kill. Just like the hawk, we can allocate death as well because the earth is our domain. During our lifetimes we sacrifice the lives of many other creatures to fulfil our desires. We kill animals for food and we hunt exotic species for commodities. We are not that different from the hawk, after all. The final verse stresses the permanence of the hawks reign: The sun is behind me. Nothing has changed since I began. My eye has permitted no change. I am going to keep things like this. The phrase the sun is behind me implies that even the sun is a supporter of the hawk. Here the writer conveys yet another image to us. The suns rays are chasing after the hawk as if following a great leader. Nothing can unseat it from power. On the other hand, this verse also criticises the human aversion to change. For example, people still pollute the planet even though they know it can cause climate change and natural disasters. The last three lines highlight this fact. We have not done anything in the past to amend our mistakes Nothing has changed since I began. We are unwilling act now My eye has permitted no change. We will not abandon our methods in the future I am going to keep things like this. This is the heart of Ted Hughes criticism. We humans, as the masters of this world, are continuously destroying our planet because we are reluctant to change our wicked ways. In the end, Hawk Roosting is fundamentally an illustration of a magnificent creature. Nevertheless, Hughes masterfully embedded his critique on humanity into the poem. Just like the hawk, we are predators. However, our prey is nature and its resources. We are no better than cruel savages. Hawk Roosting is Hughes attempt at making us aware of this fact. Ultimately, his wish is that we preserve a better world for future generations.

Help Desk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Help Desk - Essay Example The frequent responses are irritation, tension, lack of concentration, headache and palpitation among others. .There is vital distinction in the way that people interact with their surroundings and as a result, it has extensive consequences in terms of survival. Stress is an implication that the pressures of the outside world are disturbing a person. The response to stress by an individual is often in such a way that it influences not only him/her but the surrounding as well. Due to the excessive stress in today's lifestyle, people usually perceive stress to be a harmful experience, whereas biologically, stress may be positive or neutral, not just negative. (Panzareno, 1) It is a natural response from a human that upon encountering a danger, the body starts to gear up by handling it through 'Fight or flight' principle. As a result of this, certain purposeful modifications take place in the body. Consequently, these changes continue until the danger continues. After the threat is gone, the body resumes its normal state and functioning. Such instantaneous, transitory effects are the 'short term effects of stress'. But when stress is constant or recurring, the body continues to secrete pertinent hormones as a result of which, the blood level stays constantly at an above normal point and thus the related modifications continue. The body then goes through stress along with an overburden which is because of the side effects of the steadily high level of stress hormones. As a result of this mechanism, certain irretrievable physiological costs in the brain and relevant physical indications such as organ damage take place. The long term symptoms among others include chronic head ache, mood swings, anxiety disorder, memory disturbances, heart attack, stroke, weight loss and sleeplessness. After the stress factor vanishes, it often happens that the manifestations of stress continue till the time that treatment is done for it. (SF, 1) Stressful Environment in Support Centre Users contact support centre very now and then with their technical issues. The anger and irritation of the users' often find Help desk agents as their targets, where they are vented out. Due to experiencing technical issues, users require a channel for their stress since it can't be taken out on a computer or a software. As a result, either deliberately or subconsciously, users victimize those who are assigned the task of making efforts to find solutions for their problems. This makes the agents, recipient of the stress to which they are exposed to. This situation is worsened even more when the help desk agents objectify the user while finding a technical problem solution; agents forget the fact that usually a "difficult" user is behaving in such a manner due to the stress which they are facing, it may often be termed as temporary insanity. When faced with moments of stress arising due to technical breakdown, users turn impolite and misbehave with the agents, even though their anger is about the problem

Objectives and Targets Step for Making Music Festivals Essay

Objectives and Targets Step for Making Music Festivals - Essay Example The festival has been identified to be offering different accommodation services to the visitors or audiences through camping fields. The visitors are also provided with the opportunity of bringing caravans as well as campervan for their accommodation during the festival. Visitors are also offered with the opportunity of having both on-site and off-site camping services (Glastonbury Festivala, 2014). The main objective of this project includes the evaluation of the increasing count of visitors who attend or participate in this Greenfield festival. Depending on the evaluation, project strategies regarding the provision of appropriate accommodating facilities to the increasing rate of audience inflow are formulated. In this regard, for attracting the major portion of the visitors, the objectives of the business are provided hereunder. Arrangement for accommodation for the audience of the Glastonbury Festival has always been a tedious job taking consideration of the fact that every year this Greenfield festival brings in a new and increased count of a population that may even cross few millions (Glastonbury Festival). In this regard, the audience for the accommodation service does not depend on any specific gender and age. In addition, the festival is identified to attract the youth to a large extent. In this regard, the specific target audience for the accommodation will be to attract 40 percent of the youth as well as normal adults. The specific target audience for the festival will also comprise both luxury and classic services. The accommodation services are segregated on the basis of luxury as well as a classic so that visitors are able to have their accommodation on the basis of their preferences (Glastonbury Festivalc, 2014; Glastonbury Festival; Guardian News and Media Limited, 2014). The accommodation services offered in the Glastonbury festival is based on certain factors that include privacy, room space, access to the festival, car parking facilities and  catering services.  

Screening America in Hollywood Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Screening America in Hollywood Film - Essay Example Besides, post-war cultural changes affected the society as a whole and this is evident in the portrayal of male and female protagonists in general. Similarly, anxieties around gender identity resulted in the change in traditional gender roles, and it ended up in the formation of realistic role model for the working woman. Within this scenario, it is evident that post-war cultural changes and anxieties around gender identity forced the directors to portray the images of gender in post-war Hollywood cinema with difference. Thesis statement: The close examination of the images of gender in post-war Hollywood cinema, considering the ways in which films of this period illustrate both post-war cultural changes and anxieties around gender identity proves that post –war cultural changes resulted in the ideal image of professional male and suburban housewife, change in traditional gender roles, the image of working-class masculinity, the desire for sexual passivity, portrayal of weak male sexuality, female dissatisfaction, anxiety over changing nature of masculinity, unacceptability towards war-time masculinity, and the portrayal of gender roles as social constructions, and anxieties around gender identity resulted in the change in traditional gender identity, portrayal of tensions between male and fem ale members, changing female role (sexual freedom), conflict with disrupted gender roles, change in gender roles related to free education and loans for loans for homes and businesses, portrayal of the influence of consumerism over female gender role, the general urge to link femininity to domesticity, disrupting home life, and emergence of realistic role model for the working woman (special references to the post-WWII films related to post-war cultural changes and anxieties around gender identity). One can see that the WWII resulted in the mass migration from urban areas to suburban areas within the different states in US. To be specific, this can be

Case Study On Marketing With Facebook

Case Study On Marketing With Facebook 1. Introduction What makes Facebook so successful and why it is used by all companies today for marketing? These are the two questions are going to be answered in this paper. There are other social networks available like Friendster, Orkut, Myspace etc. still Facebook is preferred due to the number of users using Facebook, amount of customization provided and peer pressure to stay in competitive in the market. With more than 500 million users and many adding many more adding every day, Facebook has become the preferred choice of marketers who are looking for more innovative ways to outsmart their rivals in all fronts. Mark Zuckerberg is the founder of Facebook and it was started in 2004. It was open to all users worldwide in 2006 and it has grown in such a speed that if Facebook was a country it would have been 6th most populated country in the world. According to marketingcharts.com, US market share of Facebook in Social networking websites and forum is 61% of the total market share is for Facebook. 1.1 What is Facebook? Facebook is a social networking site which was started in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg. It has 500 million active users. Any person who is 13 years old or more and who have a valid email address can create a user profile in Facebook. Users can create a profile page, add others users in Facebook, can add their common interest groups, communicate with each other, can share photos etc, see news feed, applications etc. According to December 2010 report of Alexa.com an Internet market research company, Facebook is the second most visited website in the world just behind Google. To visit Facebook visit the link www.facebook.com and it looks as shown below. 1.2 Introducing Facebook Marketing to Business The question all the companies ask is how it will help them. What will be ROI on investing in Facebook for marketing? Anyone can create a Facebook page, but an official representative of a business can create a Page and can serve it as an admin to the page. Admin can have security given to the Page like approval needed by admin to join the page or denying permission for user from a particular demographic region. Pages are designed to provide basic information of the page and can have discussion boards, ability to comment by user assessing the page and also uploading user generated contents. Benefits for Business to Consumer marketers are that they can use this page to generate more interests in their customers. B2C were the first marketers to realize the potential of using Facebook for marketing as they can use this page to generate interests in their new products, or generating news feed using user participation which allowed them to generate more participation and also word mouth to increase their popularity. It also allowed company to improve companys search engine rankings. Benefits for Business to Business Marketers are using Facebook as a feedback loop where customer can ask any questions or can participate in appreciating a product which will help to leveraging new customers. It can also used by Big companies to share knowledge and help employee communication. To create a Page in Facebook Page, go to http://www.facebook.com/pages and give the necessary details required. 2. Using Facebook in business 2.1 Creating a Page for Business Before you can start marketing in Facebook, you need to be part of Facebook user community. It gives lot of opportunities to organizations to get exposure. In Facebook, your ability to connect and influence the users can be the main factor in success or failure in achieving your objectives. Unlike other marketing fronts, marketing with Facebook is a 2 way model where customer and companies can communicate and share the ideas. You can create an account in Facebook by going to the home page of Facebook which is www.facebook.com. When creating a Page in Facebook main thing to note will be what is the objective of the page and how can you achieve your objective. Facebook doesnt limit the number of users who can become fan of your page. To access a page, the users must become fan of the page. It is a term used by Facebook for the users to connect to a particular page. 2.2 Creating a Facebook Marketing Strategy First step for creating a Marketing Strategy would be to have a nice Facebook page. Facebook pages come in three categories. Local: These pages are for business that would benefit from a strong local market presence. A restaurant or a cafà © can be example for the same. Brand, Product or Organization: These pages are for larger businesses which can include also non-profit organization. Example for the same would be SAP, Versace, and Red Cross etc. Artist, Band or Public Figure: These pages are used by popular artist or celebrities. Barack Obama and Kraftwerk can be good examples for the same. The best way to create a good Facebook page would be to keep some points in mind like keep it simple, fresh, specific to the product or company and main would be to think about the fan base. If these points are considered thought fully we can create a very good page. Please see an example of a page. This is a Facebook page of Nike football Deutsch. You can create a page by going on the link http://www.facebook.com/pages and once created we can start with customizing of the page. Apart from some basic element we can customize Facebook according to our liking. There are many tabs which are present in your page like wall tab where users can comment on your page, Info tab is used to give information about the company, and other tabs can be used according to companies requirement. For example we can have event tab where we can show upcoming event of the company or products, some other tabs are videos tab and photos tab. You can also have applications in your tab. We can have discussion tab for users to use effectively communicate about our existing product or upcoming products. Once we have created a page, next step would be to think about the privacy. We can have different privacy ranging from limiting users from a certain demographic area to limiting users based on age group. 2.3 Advertising your Facebook page Now that we have created a page, we need to advertise our page. We need to have more user interaction in our page that gets noticed. There are many ways to promote our page in a smart way. The following are the smart ways to promote. Adding Application One of the ways is to add application to our page. We can do by posting in our wall and also in the news feed of users who are there in your page. Facebook has different apps for different categories like Business, Entertainment, and Sports etc. Posting information We can post some link of the company newsletter or blogs which are interesting news about your company or business. Commenting on Discussion tab By commenting to members discussion or your page shows that you are engaged in the feedback and this adds value to the discussion. This will make your customers more eager to discuss various things and will show your transparency. When a user become fan of our page, it is shown on their wall and can be seen by others who have not seen your page and this can help in promoting your page indirectly and this can be effective as this can be a way for endorsement of our product or business. 3. Strategies for Advertising Success There are different ways to advertise in Facebook. Some of the key strategies are as follows. Our marketing strategy should be based on following objectives like Building brand awareness, Increasing Sales, and active participating in discussions with the customers. 3.1 Different Advertisement Strategies Building brand awareness A brand is something how you define your business or product. It is a major factor in defining marketing goals which can help in creating more brand awareness in our existing and potential customers. Here you can discuss with your customers to know about customer needs. You can promote about your presence in Facebook by using your company website or using printed newsletter. You can also sent email to people who are not in Facebook about your page. Increase Sales Main aim of advertising is increasing sales. Facebook page can be used to promote various offers and discount in your products. You can have a link in Facebook which will lead the customers to your company website where they can read more about special offers and various things about your brand. Facebook Marketplace can also be a nice place to advertise if your products are tangible goods. You can have some exclusive events to Facebook customers using events tab. This way you can show them you are taking the Facebook customer seriously and it can also increase the fans for your page. Participating in discussion You can discussion with your customers from your page. There is a discussion tab which can be used for many things. We can use these results when we are thinking about launching a new product. Facebook ads are like online banner ads. But here when a user clicks on the ad it will redirect them into your page, Facebook ads are made of image, some information and a title. Ads on Facebook are purchased with pay for clicks (CPC) and pay for impression (CPM). You can buy Facebook ads by going on the link www.facebook.com/advertising. If you go to the link you can make the advertisement. You can have your specification listed like what demographic region you are targeting and other specifications are needed and then Facebook will calculate the cost for the advertisement. Below is the way how you can create an advertisement on Facebook. Next step in advertising on Facebook is deciding on the budget you want to spend on advertising. For example, a Blog will cost nothing, a podcast can cost around $2000 but for advertising using Facebook is free unless you add some apps or have dedicated advertising created using Facebook advertising. The real cost of creating a steady stream of content in your website which has to be managed. 3.2 Buying and Selling in Facebook Marketplace This is a free service from Facebook where you can buy and sell products. Here users can have classified ads for the following category like For Sale, Housing, Jobs, Rentals etc. We can access this website from the link www.facebook.com/marketplace which is as shown below. Here we can sell anything which is advertising our Tangible goods. This can be a good way for selling goods as this is free service and we dont need to spend any money on the same. So whatever goods sold in this way can be added to our profit. 4. Facebook Viral Marketing Facebook Apps have become the most important tool for the marketers. There are more than 52000 apps in Facebook according to Facebooks Statistics. Facebook apps are the software application that we can integrate in our Facebook page or profile which can add a unique personality to our page. We can either create our own apps or we can use other apps. There are many apps which is available for free and also we can have a pay per install model. In this model we need to pay when a user installs the apps. To see the list of apps go to the link www.facebook.com/apps/directory.php which can seen as below. There are different categories of apps available and we can select apps according to our needs. 4.1 What is Viral Marketing? Viral Marketing means how your marketing suddenly gets popular among the customers. The sudden rise in popularity of your brand can be termed as viral. When you offer good incentives, customers get excited and through word of mouth your brand will get popular. 4.2 Different ways to promote Facebook Viral Marketing The main aim of viral marketing is to create more brand awareness and to increase sales. Keeping this in mind, we can have Contest, free gift etc. In the end we can have more customers visiting our Facebook page and also can visit our company website. We can have the following things keep in mind while making the promotional contest. Keep it simple Keep the competition simple. Dont try to put complicated rules. If the competition is simple more users will try the contest. Offer an exciting price Customers are always excited when the price you give is nice. Better the gifts more customers will try the contest. Price neednt have to be pricey. We need to think about giving some unique prices like pre event party tickets, meeting a celebrity or putting the winner in companys new advertisement. Use existing fan base Getting noticed with a promotional event is the hardest part in Facebook contest. You need to promote this event using your company website or through the Facebook pages wall etc. Run the promotional event for a month The promotional event should run for at least a few weeks up to a month. We need time for word of mouth advertising. The more time we keep the promotional event active more users will check the event. But it also has some drawbacks like it shouldnt be running for more time as it can also have a negative feedback from the customer as they might think we are not updating our Facebook page regularly. Integrate it with media campaign This is the most important part for making the event successful. We need to promote the event on our company website and other mediums through which we do our advertising. In this way we can have more users using this event and we will also generate a viral effect. We can use Facebook ads to promote our event which can be visible by larger audience and we can be sure of the event turning out to be a large success. There were many companies who tried to use this promotional event for getting popularity increased. The best example for the same is recent promotional campaign launched by Burger King. In this campaign they asked all the users to delete 10 friends from their friend list to get a free whopper burger from Burger King. This promotional event became so popular that they had to shut down the event. These are just examples which show that you dont need to spend high money or give away cost prices to attract more people. We can use surveys to collect statistics for market research. This can be done in Facebook and it will also be more cost effective and accurate than the normal way to data gathering. There are many free Facebook apps available for survey like Polls, Daily experience survey, YouGov etc. We can use these survey apps integrate into our page and can be used effectively to know more about what customer thinks about our brand and can interact with them directly to find more ideas for improvement. Below is one of the example of how survey application look like. We need to join this application to add this to our page. You can use Facebook connect to have broader reach of the viral marketing to Third-party websites, devices or applications. Facebook connect was launched in December 2008 and since then more than 15000 websites, application and devices have implemented it successfully. Facebook connect is a feature through which you can extend your Facebook platform to other websites and ask Facebook users to use their login of Facebook to connect to that Facebook- Connect enabled website. The best of Facebook Connect is that it is free of cost. The main feature of Facebook Connect is that using this facility, Facebook users can interact on other websites which will be reflected in the Facebook. The best part of Facebook Connect is that it eliminates the users from registering to a new website for accessing them. This makes users more convenient to surf your websites, blogs etc. For example, if you want to upload or wanted to comment in CNN.com previously it was necessary to have a username and password but now using the Facebook connect facility users doesnt need to have a registered account with CNN. If you have a Facebook account you can directly access the website by giving your Facebook account details which is shown as below. To integrate this Facebook connect feature to a website, we must register and receive an API (Application Programming Interface) key via Facebook Developer Apps page. To get more insights of Facebook Connect visit the following link http://developers.facebook.com/docs/guides/web. It is free to register for a Facebook API key. Once we have the API Key, we can create a Facebook app and configure it to point it our website. This is termed by Facebook as Callback URL field. The above mentioned features are mainly responsible for creating Viral marketing of our brand. This if done properly can surge our sales to amazing levels. 5. Social Media Optimization (SMO) In the last couple of years search engine has become an important tool for online business but these days Social media optimization (SMO) has become most popular techniques to promote products and services in the market by the mediums of various social media book markings and Facebook has provided a unique and new medium for the marketer to innovate and reduce their cost of advertising. Search engine optimization techniques can be broadly classified into two Categories into two which are on-page optimization and off-page optimization; these techniques are very helpful for improving traffics for a website. Some point should be included in social media optimization Know how to target your audience create content create a SMO strategy Book marking and tagging Increase your link ability SMO should be a continuous process 6. Advantages of using Facebook in Business Facebook platform has turned out to be one of the most powerful platforms for business since the invention of Adwords by Google. Below are the key benefits of using Facebook. More Activities in our Facebook page can work as a SEO for search engine Any users in Facebook can find about our brand with the help of Facebook page. Marketing is not limited to a demographic region in Facebook Attracts more Clients Run promotional events for Fans Can Sync our company website to our Facebook Blog Can deal with unsatisfied customer more conveniently 7. Conclusion As we can see marketing with Facebook can never be termed as highly complex thing. It is simple and easy way to attract more customers in this modern competitive world where competitors are constantly trying to outsmart their rivals to gain more market share. Creating a Facebook page is a free and easy way to increase your visibility of your brand. Using different techniques like Events, Facebook Ads, Promotion, Discussions and all a company can increase their reach globally. There are more than 500 million of users and to advertise to these users using old marketing way of TV, Radio and all can be very expensive. So this is a cost effective and latest way to improve your Sales using the latest technology trend which is Facebook.